Allow skipping extra paren insertion during AST pretty-printing

Fixes #74616
Makes progress towards #43081
Unblocks PR #76130

When pretty-printing an AST node, we may insert additional parenthesis
to ensure that precedence is properly preserved in code we output.
However, the proc macro implementation relies on comparing a
pretty-printed AST node to the captured `TokenStream`. Inserting extra
parenthesis changes the structure of the reparsed `TokenStream`, making
the comparison fail.

This PR refactors the AST pretty-printing code to allow skipping the
insertion of additional parenthesis. Several freestanding methods are
moved to trait methods on `PrintState`, which keep track of an internal
`insert_extra_parens` flag. This flag is normally `true`, but we expose
a public method which allows pretty-printing a nonterminal with
`insert_extra_parens = false`.

To avoid changing the public interface of `rustc_ast_pretty`, the
freestanding `_to_string` methods are changed to delegate to a
newly-crated `State`. The main pretty-printing code is moved to a new
`state` module to ensure that it does not accidentally call any of these
public helper functions (instead, the internal functions with the same
name should be used).

compiler/rustc_hir_pretty/src/lib.rs

@@ -141,6 +141,9 @@ impl std::ops::DerefMut for State<'_> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> PrintState<'a> for State<'a> {
+    fn insert_extra_parens(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
     fn comments(&mut self) -> &mut Option<Comments<'a>> {
         &mut self.comments
     }