std: Add AsRef/AsMut impls to Box/Rc/Arc

These common traits were left off originally by accident from these smart
pointers, and a past attempt (#26008) to add them was later reverted (#26160)
due to unexpected breakge (#26096) occurring. The specific breakage in worry is
the meaning of this return value changed:

    let a: Box<Option<T>> = ...;
    a.as_ref()

Currently this returns `Option<&T>` but after this change it will return
`&Option<T>` because the `AsRef::as_ref` method shares the same name as
`Option::as_ref`. A [crater report][crater] of this change, however, has shown
that the fallout of this change is quite minimal. These trait implementations
are "the right impls to add" to these smart pointers and would enable various
generalizations such as those in #27197.

[crater]: https://gist.github.com/anonymous/0ba4c3512b07641c0f99

This commit is a breaking change for the above reasons mentioned, and the
mitigation strategies look like any of:

    Option::as_ref(&a)
    a.as_ref().as_ref()
    (*a).as_ref()

src/liballoc/arc.rs

@@ -1148,3 +1148,8 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> borrow::Borrow<T> for Arc<T> {
         &**self
     }
 }
+
+#[stable(since = "1.5.0", feature = "smart_ptr_as_ref")]
+impl<T: ?Sized> AsRef<T> for Arc<T> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &T { &**self }
+}