Ensure async trait impls are async (or otherwise return an opaque type)

As a workaround for the full `#[refine]` semantics not being implemented
yet, forbit returning a concrete future type like `Box<dyn Future>` or a
manually implemented Future.

`-> impl Future` is still permitted; while that can also cause
accidental refinement, that's behind a different feature gate
(`return_position_impl_trait_in_trait`) and that problem exists
regardless of whether the trait method is async, so will have to be
solved more generally.

Fixes #102745

compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/check/compare_method.rs

@@ -67,6 +67,10 @@ pub(crate) fn compare_impl_method<'tcx>(
         return;
     }
 
+    if let Err(_) = compare_asyncness(tcx, impl_m, impl_m_span, trait_m, trait_item_span) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     if let Err(_) = compare_predicate_entailment(tcx, impl_m, impl_m_span, trait_m, impl_trait_ref)
     {
         return;
@@ -323,6 +327,34 @@ fn compare_predicate_entailment<'tcx>(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn compare_asyncness<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    impl_m: &ty::AssocItem,
+    impl_m_span: Span,
+    trait_m: &ty::AssocItem,
+    trait_item_span: Option<Span>,
+) -> Result<(), ErrorGuaranteed> {
+    if tcx.asyncness(trait_m.def_id) == hir::IsAsync::Async {
+        match tcx.fn_sig(impl_m.def_id).skip_binder().output().kind() {
+            ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ..) => {
+                // allow both `async fn foo()` and `fn foo() -> impl Future`
+            }
+            ty::Error(rustc_errors::ErrorGuaranteed { .. }) => {
+                // We don't know if it's ok, but at least it's already an error.
+            }
+            _ => {
+                return Err(tcx.sess.emit_err(crate::errors::AsyncTraitImplShouldBeAsync {
+                    span: impl_m_span,
+                    method_name: trait_m.name,
+                    trait_item_span,
+                }));
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[instrument(skip(tcx), level = "debug", ret)]
 pub fn collect_trait_impl_trait_tys<'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,

compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/errors.rs

@@ -51,6 +51,17 @@ pub struct LifetimesOrBoundsMismatchOnTrait {
     pub ident: Ident,
 }
 
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(hir_analysis_async_trait_impl_should_be_async)]
+pub struct AsyncTraitImplShouldBeAsync {
+    #[primary_span]
+    // #[label]
+    pub span: Span,
+    #[label(trait_item_label)]
+    pub trait_item_span: Option<Span>,
+    pub method_name: Symbol,
+}
+
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
 #[diag(hir_analysis_drop_impl_on_wrong_item, code = "E0120")]
 pub struct DropImplOnWrongItem {