Add size_of, size_of_val, align_of, and align_of_val to the prelude

Many, many projects use `size_of` to get the size of a type. However,
it's also often equally easy to hardcode a size (e.g. `8` instead of
`size_of::<u64>()`). Minimizing friction in the use of `size_of` helps
ensure that people use it and make code more self-documenting.

The name `size_of` is unambiguous: the name alone, without any prefix or
path, is self-explanatory and unmistakeable for any other functionality.
Adding it to the prelude cannot produce any name conflicts, as any local
definition will silently shadow the one from the prelude. Thus, we don't
need to wait for a new edition prelude to add it.

Add `size_of_val`, `align_of`, and `align_of_val` as well, with similar
justification: widely useful, self-explanatory, unmistakeable for
anything else, won't produce conflicts.

library/std/src/io/error/repr_bitpacked.rs

@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@
 
 use super::{Custom, ErrorData, ErrorKind, RawOsError, SimpleMessage};
 use core::marker::PhantomData;
-use core::mem::{align_of, size_of};
 use core::ptr::{self, NonNull};
 
 // The 2 least-significant bits are used as tag.