new unstable option: -Zwrite-long-types-to-disk

This option guards the logic of writing long type names in files and
instead using short forms in error messages in rustc_middle/ty/error
behind a flag. The main motivation for this change is to disable this
behaviour when running ui tests.

This logic can be triggered by running tests in a directory that has a
long enough path, e.g. /my/very-long-path/where/rust-codebase/exists/

This means ui tests can fail depending on how long the path to their
file is.

Some ui tests actually rely on this behaviour for their assertions,
so for those we enable the flag manually.

tests/ui/error-codes/E0271.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// compile-flags: -Zwrite-long-types-to-disk=yes
 trait Trait { type AssociatedType; }
 
 fn foo<T>(t: T) where T: Trait<AssociatedType=u32> {

tests/ui/error-codes/E0271.stderr

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error[E0271]: type mismatch resolving `<i8 as Trait>::AssociatedType == u32`
-  --> $DIR/E0271.rs:10:9
+  --> $DIR/E0271.rs:11:9
    |
 LL |     foo(3_i8);
    |     --- ^^^^ type mismatch resolving `<i8 as Trait>::AssociatedType == u32`
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ LL |     foo(3_i8);
    |     required by a bound introduced by this call
    |
 note: expected this to be `u32`
-  --> $DIR/E0271.rs:7:43
+  --> $DIR/E0271.rs:8:43
    |
 LL | impl Trait for i8 { type AssociatedType = &'static str; }
    |                                           ^^^^^^^^^^^^
 note: required by a bound in `foo`
-  --> $DIR/E0271.rs:3:32
+  --> $DIR/E0271.rs:4:32
    |
 LL | fn foo<T>(t: T) where T: Trait<AssociatedType=u32> {
    |                                ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ required by this bound in `foo`

tests/ui/error-codes/E0275.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// compile-flags: -Zwrite-long-types-to-disk=yes
 // normalize-stderr-test: "long-type-\d+" -> "long-type-hash"
 trait Foo {}
 

tests/ui/error-codes/E0275.stderr

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 error[E0275]: overflow evaluating the requirement `Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<...>>>>>>>: Foo`
-  --> $DIR/E0275.rs:6:33
+  --> $DIR/E0275.rs:7:33
    |
 LL | impl<T> Foo for T where Bar<T>: Foo {}
    |                                 ^^^
    |
    = help: consider increasing the recursion limit by adding a `#![recursion_limit = "256"]` attribute to your crate (`E0275`)
 note: required for `Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<Bar<...>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>` to implement `Foo`
-  --> $DIR/E0275.rs:6:9
+  --> $DIR/E0275.rs:7:9
    |
 LL | impl<T> Foo for T where Bar<T>: Foo {}
    |         ^^^     ^               --- unsatisfied trait bound introduced here