Auto merge of #135272 - BoxyUwU:generic_arg_infer_reliability_2, r=compiler-errors

Forbid usage of `hir` `Infer` const/ty variants in ambiguous contexts

The feature `generic_arg_infer` allows providing `_` as an argument to const generics in order to infer them. This introduces a syntactic ambiguity as to whether generic arguments are type or const arguments. In order to get around this we introduced a fourth `GenericArg` variant, `Infer` used to represent `_` as an argument to generic parameters when we don't know if its a type or a const argument.

This made hir visitors that care about `TyKind::Infer` or `ConstArgKind::Infer` very error prone as checking for `TyKind::Infer`s in  `visit_ty` would find *some* type infer arguments but not *all* of them as they would sometimes be lowered to `GenericArg::Infer` instead.

Additionally the `visit_infer` method would previously only visit `GenericArg::Infer` not *all* infers (e.g. `TyKind::Infer`), this made it very easy to override `visit_infer` and expect it to visit all infers when in reality it would only visit *some* infers.

---

This PR aims to fix those issues by making the `TyKind` and `ConstArgKind` types generic over whether the infer types/consts are represented by `Ty/ConstArgKind::Infer` or out of line (e.g. by a `GenericArg::Infer` or accessible by overiding `visit_infer`). We then make HIR Visitors convert all const args and types to the versions where infer vars are stored out of line and call `visit_infer` in cases where a `Ty`/`Const` would previously have had a `Ty/ConstArgKind::Infer` variant:

API Summary
```rust
enum AmbigArg {}

enum Ty/ConstArgKind<Unambig = ()> {
   ...
   Infer(Unambig),
}

impl Ty/ConstArg {
  fn try_as_ambig_ty/ct(self) -> Option<Ty/ConstArg<AmbigArg>>;
}
impl Ty/ConstArg<AmbigArg> {
  fn as_unambig_ty/ct(self) -> Ty/ConstArg;
}

enum InferKind {
  Ty(Ty),
  Const(ConstArg),
  Ambig(InferArg),
}

trait Visitor {
  ...
  fn visit_ty/const_arg(&mut self, Ty/ConstArg<AmbigArg>) -> Self::Result;
  fn visit_infer(&mut self, id: HirId, sp: Span, kind: InferKind) -> Self::Result;
}

// blanket impl'd, not meant to be overriden
trait VisitorExt {
  fn visit_ty/const_arg_unambig(&mut self, Ty/ConstArg) -> Self::Result;
}

fn walk_unambig_ty/const_arg(&mut V, Ty/ConstArg) -> Self::Result;
fn walk_ty/const_arg(&mut V, Ty/ConstArg<AmbigArg>) -> Self::Result;
```

The end result is that `visit_infer` visits *all* infer args and is also the *only* way to visit an infer arg, `visit_ty` and `visit_const_arg` can now no longer encounter a `Ty/ConstArgKind::Infer`. Representing this in the type system means that it is now very difficult to mess things up, either accessing `TyKind::Infer` "just works" and you won't miss *some* type infers- or it doesn't work and you have to look at `visit_infer` or some `GenericArg::Infer` which forces you to think about the full complexity involved.

Unfortunately there is no lint right now about explicitly matching on uninhabited variants, I can't find the context for why this is the case 🤷‍♀️

I'm not convinced the framing of un/ambig ty/consts is necessarily the right one but I'm not sure what would be better. I somewhat like calling them full/partial types based on the fact that `Ty<Partial>`/`Ty<Full>` directly specifies how many of the type kinds are actually represented compared to `Ty<Ambig>` which which leaves that to the reader to figure out based on the logical consequences of it the type being in an ambiguous position.

---

tool changes have been modified in their own commits for easier reviewing by anyone getting cc'd from subtree changes. I also attempted to split out "bug fixes arising from the refactoring" into their own commit so they arent lumped in with a big general refactor commit

Fixes #112110

compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ use rustc_errors::{
 use rustc_hir::def::{CtorKind, DefKind};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{CrateNum, DefId, LOCAL_CRATE, LocalDefId};
 use rustc_hir::definitions::Definitions;
-use rustc_hir::intravisit::Visitor;
+use rustc_hir::intravisit::VisitorExt;
 use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
 use rustc_hir::{self as hir, Attribute, HirId, Node, TraitCandidate};
 use rustc_index::IndexVec;
@@ -2028,7 +2028,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         };
 
         let mut v = TraitObjectVisitor(vec![], self.hir());
-        v.visit_ty(hir_output);
+        v.visit_ty_unambig(hir_output);
         v.0
     }
 
@@ -2050,7 +2050,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
             && let Some(alias_ty) = self.hir_node_by_def_id(local_id).alias_ty() // it is type alias
             && let Some(alias_generics) = self.hir_node_by_def_id(local_id).generics()
         {
-            v.visit_ty(alias_ty);
+            v.visit_ty_unambig(alias_ty);
             if !v.0.is_empty() {
                 return Some((
                     v.0,

compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/diagnostics.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use rustc_errors::{
 };
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
-use rustc_hir::{self as hir, LangItem, PredicateOrigin, WherePredicateKind};
+use rustc_hir::{self as hir, AmbigArg, LangItem, PredicateOrigin, WherePredicateKind};
 use rustc_span::{BytePos, Span};
 use rustc_type_ir::TyKind::*;
 
@@ -570,18 +570,18 @@ pub fn suggest_constraining_type_params<'a>(
 pub struct TraitObjectVisitor<'tcx>(pub Vec<&'tcx hir::Ty<'tcx>>, pub crate::hir::map::Map<'tcx>);
 
 impl<'v> hir::intravisit::Visitor<'v> for TraitObjectVisitor<'v> {
-    fn visit_ty(&mut self, ty: &'v hir::Ty<'v>) {
+    fn visit_ty(&mut self, ty: &'v hir::Ty<'v, AmbigArg>) {
         match ty.kind {
-            hir::TyKind::TraitObject(
-                _,
-                hir::Lifetime {
+            hir::TyKind::TraitObject(_, tagged_ptr)
+                if let hir::Lifetime {
                     res:
                         hir::LifetimeName::ImplicitObjectLifetimeDefault | hir::LifetimeName::Static,
                     ..
-                },
-                _,
-            )
-            | hir::TyKind::OpaqueDef(..) => self.0.push(ty),
+                } = tagged_ptr.pointer() =>
+            {
+                self.0.push(ty.as_unambig_ty())
+            }
+            hir::TyKind::OpaqueDef(..) => self.0.push(ty.as_unambig_ty()),
             _ => {}
         }
         hir::intravisit::walk_ty(self, ty);

compiler/rustc_middle/src/values.rs

@@ -374,7 +374,13 @@ fn find_item_ty_spans(
                         if let hir::GenericArg::Type(ty) = arg
                             && params_in_repr.contains(i as u32)
                         {
-                            find_item_ty_spans(tcx, ty, needle, spans, seen_representable);
+                            find_item_ty_spans(
+                                tcx,
+                                ty.as_unambig_ty(),
+                                needle,
+                                spans,
+                                seen_representable,
+                            );
                         }
                     }
                 }