Rollup merge of #133681 - RalfJung:niches, r=wesleywiser

improve TagEncoding::Niche docs, sanity check, and UB checks

Turns out the `niche_variants` range can actually contain the `untagged_variant`. We should report this as UB in Miri, so this PR implements that.

Also rename `partially_check_layout` to `layout_sanity_check` for better consistency with how similar functions are called in other parts of the compiler.

Turns out my adjustments to the transmutation logic also fix https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/126267.

compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs

@@ -1081,6 +1081,8 @@ rustc_queries! {
     }
 
     /// Computes the tag (if any) for a given type and variant.
+    /// `None` means that the variant doesn't need a tag (because it is niched).
+    /// Will panic for uninhabited variants.
     query tag_for_variant(
         key: (Ty<'tcx>, abi::VariantIdx)
     ) -> Option<ty::ScalarInt> {