Stop using String for error codes.

Error codes are integers, but `String` is used everywhere to represent
them. Gross!

This commit introduces `ErrCode`, an integral newtype for error codes,
replacing `String`. It also introduces a constant for every error code,
e.g. `E0123`, and removes the `error_code!` macro. The constants are
imported wherever used with `use rustc_errors::codes::*`.

With the old code, we have three different ways to specify an error code
at a use point:
```
error_code!(E0123)  // macro call

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // bare ident arg to macro call

\#[diag(name, code = "E0123")]  // string
struct Diag;
```

With the new code, they all use the `E0123` constant.
```
E0123  // constant

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // constant

\#[diag(name, code = E0123)]  // constant
struct Diag;
```

The commit also changes the structure of the error code definitions:
- `rustc_error_codes` now just defines a higher-order macro listing the
  used error codes and nothing else.
- Because that's now the only thing in the `rustc_error_codes` crate, I
  moved it into the `lib.rs` file and removed the `error_codes.rs` file.
- `rustc_errors` uses that macro to define everything, e.g. the error
  code constants and the `DIAGNOSTIC_TABLES`. This is in its new
  `codes.rs` file.

compiler/rustc_resolve/src/lib.rs

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet, FxIndexMap, FxIndexSet};
 use rustc_data_structures::intern::Interned;
 use rustc_data_structures::steal::Steal;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{FreezeReadGuard, Lrc};
-use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagnosticBuilder};
+use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagnosticBuilder, ErrCode};
 use rustc_expand::base::{DeriveResolutions, SyntaxExtension, SyntaxExtensionKind};
 use rustc_feature::BUILTIN_ATTRIBUTES;
 use rustc_hir::def::Namespace::{self, *};
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ enum ResolutionError<'a> {
         kind: &'static str,
         trait_path: String,
         trait_item_span: Span,
-        code: String,
+        code: ErrCode,
     },
     /// Error E0201: multiple impl items for the same trait item.
     TraitImplDuplicate { name: Symbol, trait_item_span: Span, old_span: Span },