Stop using String for error codes.

Error codes are integers, but `String` is used everywhere to represent
them. Gross!

This commit introduces `ErrCode`, an integral newtype for error codes,
replacing `String`. It also introduces a constant for every error code,
e.g. `E0123`, and removes the `error_code!` macro. The constants are
imported wherever used with `use rustc_errors::codes::*`.

With the old code, we have three different ways to specify an error code
at a use point:
```
error_code!(E0123)  // macro call

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // bare ident arg to macro call

\#[diag(name, code = "E0123")]  // string
struct Diag;
```

With the new code, they all use the `E0123` constant.
```
E0123  // constant

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // constant

\#[diag(name, code = E0123)]  // constant
struct Diag;
```

The commit also changes the structure of the error code definitions:
- `rustc_error_codes` now just defines a higher-order macro listing the
  used error codes and nothing else.
- Because that's now the only thing in the `rustc_error_codes` crate, I
  moved it into the `lib.rs` file and removed the `error_codes.rs` file.
- `rustc_errors` uses that macro to define everything, e.g. the error
  code constants and the `DIAGNOSTIC_TABLES`. This is in its new
  `codes.rs` file.

compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/attr.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use super::{AttrWrapper, Capturing, FnParseMode, ForceCollect, Parser, PathStyle
 use rustc_ast as ast;
 use rustc_ast::attr;
 use rustc_ast::token::{self, Delimiter, Nonterminal};
-use rustc_errors::{error_code, Diagnostic, PResult};
+use rustc_errors::{codes::*, Diagnostic, PResult};
 use rustc_span::{sym, BytePos, Span};
 use thin_vec::ThinVec;
 use tracing::debug;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
                     let mut err = self
                         .dcx()
                         .struct_span_err(span, fluent::parse_inner_doc_comment_not_permitted);
-                    err.code(error_code!(E0753));
+                    err.code(E0753);
                     if let Some(replacement_span) = self.annotate_following_item_if_applicable(
                         &mut err,
                         span,

compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/item.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use rustc_ast::tokenstream::{DelimSpan, TokenStream, TokenTree};
 use rustc_ast::util::case::Case;
 use rustc_ast::{self as ast};
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust;
-use rustc_errors::{struct_span_code_err, Applicability, PResult, StashKey};
+use rustc_errors::{codes::*, struct_span_code_err, Applicability, PResult, StashKey};
 use rustc_span::edit_distance::edit_distance;
 use rustc_span::edition::Edition;
 use rustc_span::source_map;