Stop using String for error codes.

Error codes are integers, but `String` is used everywhere to represent
them. Gross!

This commit introduces `ErrCode`, an integral newtype for error codes,
replacing `String`. It also introduces a constant for every error code,
e.g. `E0123`, and removes the `error_code!` macro. The constants are
imported wherever used with `use rustc_errors::codes::*`.

With the old code, we have three different ways to specify an error code
at a use point:
```
error_code!(E0123)  // macro call

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // bare ident arg to macro call

\#[diag(name, code = "E0123")]  // string
struct Diag;
```

With the new code, they all use the `E0123` constant.
```
E0123  // constant

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // constant

\#[diag(name, code = E0123)]  // constant
struct Diag;
```

The commit also changes the structure of the error code definitions:
- `rustc_error_codes` now just defines a higher-order macro listing the
  used error codes and nothing else.
- Because that's now the only thing in the `rustc_error_codes` crate, I
  moved it into the `lib.rs` file and removed the `error_codes.rs` file.
- `rustc_errors` uses that macro to define everything, e.g. the error
  code constants and the `DIAGNOSTIC_TABLES`. This is in its new
  `codes.rs` file.

compiler/rustc_parse/src/errors.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 use rustc_ast::token::Token;
 use rustc_ast::{Path, Visibility};
 use rustc_errors::{
-    AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, DiagCtxt, DiagnosticBuilder, IntoDiagnostic, Level,
+    codes::*, AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, DiagCtxt, DiagnosticBuilder, IntoDiagnostic, Level,
     SubdiagnosticMessage,
 };
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) struct AmbiguousPlus {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(parse_maybe_recover_from_bad_type_plus, code = "E0178")]
+#[diag(parse_maybe_recover_from_bad_type_plus, code = E0178)]
 pub(crate) struct BadTypePlus {
     pub ty: String,
     #[primary_span]
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ pub(crate) struct InclusiveRangeMatchArrow {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(parse_inclusive_range_no_end, code = "E0586")]
+#[diag(parse_inclusive_range_no_end, code = E0586)]
 #[note]
 pub(crate) struct InclusiveRangeNoEnd {
     #[primary_span]
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MismatchedClosingDelimiter {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(parse_incorrect_visibility_restriction, code = "E0704")]
+#[diag(parse_incorrect_visibility_restriction, code = E0704)]
 #[help]
 pub(crate) struct IncorrectVisibilityRestriction {
     #[primary_span]
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ExpectedStatementAfterOuterAttr {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(parse_doc_comment_does_not_document_anything, code = "E0585")]
+#[diag(parse_doc_comment_does_not_document_anything, code = E0585)]
 #[help]
 pub(crate) struct DocCommentDoesNotDocumentAnything {
     #[primary_span]
@@ -1357,7 +1357,7 @@ pub(crate) struct AttributeOnParamType {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(parse_pattern_method_param_without_body, code = "E0642")]
+#[diag(parse_pattern_method_param_without_body, code = E0642)]
 pub(crate) struct PatternMethodParamWithoutBody {
     #[primary_span]
     #[suggestion(code = "_", applicability = "machine-applicable")]
@@ -1565,7 +1565,7 @@ pub(crate) struct WhereClauseBeforeTupleStructBodySugg {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(parse_async_fn_in_2015, code = "E0670")]
+#[diag(parse_async_fn_in_2015, code = E0670)]
 pub(crate) struct AsyncFnIn2015 {
     #[primary_span]
     #[label]
@@ -1929,7 +1929,7 @@ pub struct CrDocComment {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(parse_no_digits_literal, code = "E0768")]
+#[diag(parse_no_digits_literal, code = E0768)]
 pub struct NoDigitsLiteral {
     #[primary_span]
     pub span: Span,
@@ -2499,7 +2499,7 @@ pub(crate) struct FnPointerCannotBeAsync {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(parse_nested_c_variadic_type, code = "E0743")]
+#[diag(parse_nested_c_variadic_type, code = E0743)]
 pub(crate) struct NestedCVariadicType {
     #[primary_span]
     pub span: Span,