Stop using String for error codes.

Error codes are integers, but `String` is used everywhere to represent
them. Gross!

This commit introduces `ErrCode`, an integral newtype for error codes,
replacing `String`. It also introduces a constant for every error code,
e.g. `E0123`, and removes the `error_code!` macro. The constants are
imported wherever used with `use rustc_errors::codes::*`.

With the old code, we have three different ways to specify an error code
at a use point:
```
error_code!(E0123)  // macro call

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // bare ident arg to macro call

\#[diag(name, code = "E0123")]  // string
struct Diag;
```

With the new code, they all use the `E0123` constant.
```
E0123  // constant

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // constant

\#[diag(name, code = E0123)]  // constant
struct Diag;
```

The commit also changes the structure of the error code definitions:
- `rustc_error_codes` now just defines a higher-order macro listing the
  used error codes and nothing else.
- Because that's now the only thing in the `rustc_error_codes` crate, I
  moved it into the `lib.rs` file and removed the `error_codes.rs` file.
- `rustc_errors` uses that macro to define everything, e.g. the error
  code constants and the `DIAGNOSTIC_TABLES`. This is in its new
  `codes.rs` file.

compiler/rustc_expand/src/errors.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use rustc_ast::ast;
+use rustc_errors::codes::*;
 use rustc_macros::Diagnostic;
 use rustc_session::Limit;
 use rustc_span::symbol::{Ident, MacroRulesNormalizedIdent};
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ pub(crate) struct TakesNoArguments<'a> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(expand_feature_removed, code = "E0557")]
+#[diag(expand_feature_removed, code = E0557)]
 pub(crate) struct FeatureRemoved<'a> {
     #[primary_span]
     #[label]
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ pub(crate) struct FeatureRemovedReason<'a> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(expand_feature_not_allowed, code = "E0725")]
+#[diag(expand_feature_not_allowed, code = E0725)]
 pub(crate) struct FeatureNotAllowed {
     #[primary_span]
     pub span: Span,
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ pub(crate) struct RecursionLimitReached<'a> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(expand_malformed_feature_attribute, code = "E0556")]
+#[diag(expand_malformed_feature_attribute, code = E0556)]
 pub(crate) struct MalformedFeatureAttribute {
     #[primary_span]
     pub span: Span,
@@ -347,7 +348,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ModuleInBlockName {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(expand_module_file_not_found, code = "E0583")]
+#[diag(expand_module_file_not_found, code = E0583)]
 #[help]
 #[note]
 pub(crate) struct ModuleFileNotFound {
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ModuleFileNotFound {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(expand_module_multiple_candidates, code = "E0761")]
+#[diag(expand_module_multiple_candidates, code = E0761)]
 #[help]
 pub(crate) struct ModuleMultipleCandidates {
     #[primary_span]