Stop using String for error codes.

Error codes are integers, but `String` is used everywhere to represent
them. Gross!

This commit introduces `ErrCode`, an integral newtype for error codes,
replacing `String`. It also introduces a constant for every error code,
e.g. `E0123`, and removes the `error_code!` macro. The constants are
imported wherever used with `use rustc_errors::codes::*`.

With the old code, we have three different ways to specify an error code
at a use point:
```
error_code!(E0123)  // macro call

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // bare ident arg to macro call

\#[diag(name, code = "E0123")]  // string
struct Diag;
```

With the new code, they all use the `E0123` constant.
```
E0123  // constant

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // constant

\#[diag(name, code = E0123)]  // constant
struct Diag;
```

The commit also changes the structure of the error code definitions:
- `rustc_error_codes` now just defines a higher-order macro listing the
  used error codes and nothing else.
- Because that's now the only thing in the `rustc_error_codes` crate, I
  moved it into the `lib.rs` file and removed the `error_codes.rs` file.
- `rustc_errors` uses that macro to define everything, e.g. the error
  code constants and the `DIAGNOSTIC_TABLES`. This is in its new
  `codes.rs` file.

compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_impls.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::diagnostic::DiagnosticLocation;
 use crate::{fluent_generated as fluent, AddToDiagnostic};
 use crate::{
-    DiagCtxt, DiagnosticArgValue, DiagnosticBuilder, EmissionGuarantee, IntoDiagnostic,
+    DiagCtxt, DiagnosticArgValue, DiagnosticBuilder, EmissionGuarantee, ErrCode, IntoDiagnostic,
     IntoDiagnosticArg, Level,
 };
 use rustc_ast as ast;
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ into_diagnostic_arg_using_display!(
     &TargetTriple,
     SplitDebuginfo,
     ExitStatus,
+    ErrCode,
 );
 
 into_diagnostic_arg_for_number!(i8, u8, i16, u16, i32, u32, i64, u64, i128, u128, isize, usize);