Stop using String for error codes.

Error codes are integers, but `String` is used everywhere to represent
them. Gross!

This commit introduces `ErrCode`, an integral newtype for error codes,
replacing `String`. It also introduces a constant for every error code,
e.g. `E0123`, and removes the `error_code!` macro. The constants are
imported wherever used with `use rustc_errors::codes::*`.

With the old code, we have three different ways to specify an error code
at a use point:
```
error_code!(E0123)  // macro call

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // bare ident arg to macro call

\#[diag(name, code = "E0123")]  // string
struct Diag;
```

With the new code, they all use the `E0123` constant.
```
E0123  // constant

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // constant

\#[diag(name, code = E0123)]  // constant
struct Diag;
```

The commit also changes the structure of the error code definitions:
- `rustc_error_codes` now just defines a higher-order macro listing the
  used error codes and nothing else.
- Because that's now the only thing in the `rustc_error_codes` crate, I
  moved it into the `lib.rs` file and removed the `error_codes.rs` file.
- `rustc_errors` uses that macro to define everything, e.g. the error
  code constants and the `DIAGNOSTIC_TABLES`. This is in its new
  `codes.rs` file.

compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_builder.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::diagnostic::IntoDiagnosticArg;
 use crate::{DiagCtxt, Level, MultiSpan, StashKey};
 use crate::{
-    Diagnostic, DiagnosticMessage, DiagnosticStyledString, ErrorGuaranteed, ExplicitBug,
+    Diagnostic, DiagnosticMessage, DiagnosticStyledString, ErrCode, ErrorGuaranteed, ExplicitBug,
     SubdiagnosticMessage,
 };
 use rustc_lint_defs::Applicability;
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> DiagnosticBuilder<'a, G> {
         name: String, has_future_breakage: bool,
     ));
     forward!((code, with_code)(
-        s: String,
+        code: ErrCode,
     ));
     forward!((arg, with_arg)(
         name: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>, arg: impl IntoDiagnosticArg,
@@ -439,12 +439,7 @@ impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Drop for DiagnosticBuilder<'_, G> {
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! struct_span_code_err {
-    ($dcx:expr, $span:expr, $code:ident, $($message:tt)*) => ({
-        $dcx.struct_span_err($span, format!($($message)*)).with_code($crate::error_code!($code))
+    ($dcx:expr, $span:expr, $code:expr, $($message:tt)*) => ({
+        $dcx.struct_span_err($span, format!($($message)*)).with_code($code)
     })
 }
-
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! error_code {
-    ($code:ident) => {{ stringify!($code).to_owned() }};
-}