Stop using String for error codes.

Error codes are integers, but `String` is used everywhere to represent
them. Gross!

This commit introduces `ErrCode`, an integral newtype for error codes,
replacing `String`. It also introduces a constant for every error code,
e.g. `E0123`, and removes the `error_code!` macro. The constants are
imported wherever used with `use rustc_errors::codes::*`.

With the old code, we have three different ways to specify an error code
at a use point:
```
error_code!(E0123)  // macro call

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // bare ident arg to macro call

\#[diag(name, code = "E0123")]  // string
struct Diag;
```

With the new code, they all use the `E0123` constant.
```
E0123  // constant

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // constant

\#[diag(name, code = E0123)]  // constant
struct Diag;
```

The commit also changes the structure of the error code definitions:
- `rustc_error_codes` now just defines a higher-order macro listing the
  used error codes and nothing else.
- Because that's now the only thing in the `rustc_error_codes` crate, I
  moved it into the `lib.rs` file and removed the `error_codes.rs` file.
- `rustc_errors` uses that macro to define everything, e.g. the error
  code constants and the `DIAGNOSTIC_TABLES`. This is in its new
  `codes.rs` file.

compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs

@@ -23,9 +23,8 @@ use rustc_codegen_ssa::{traits::CodegenBackend, CodegenErrors, CodegenResults};
 use rustc_data_structures::profiling::{
     get_resident_set_size, print_time_passes_entry, TimePassesFormat,
 };
-use rustc_errors::registry::{InvalidErrorCode, Registry};
-use rustc_errors::{markdown, ColorConfig};
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed, PResult};
+use rustc_errors::registry::Registry;
+use rustc_errors::{markdown, ColorConfig, DiagCtxt, ErrCode, ErrorGuaranteed, PResult};
 use rustc_feature::find_gated_cfg;
 use rustc_interface::util::{self, collect_crate_types, get_codegen_backend};
 use rustc_interface::{interface, Queries};
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ impl Callbacks for TimePassesCallbacks {
 }
 
 pub fn diagnostics_registry() -> Registry {
-    Registry::new(rustc_error_codes::DIAGNOSTICS)
+    Registry::new(rustc_errors::codes::DIAGNOSTICS)
 }
 
 /// This is the primary entry point for rustc.
@@ -535,37 +534,36 @@ pub enum Compilation {
 }
 
 fn handle_explain(early_dcx: &EarlyDiagCtxt, registry: Registry, code: &str, color: ColorConfig) {
+    // Allow "E0123" or "0123" form.
     let upper_cased_code = code.to_ascii_uppercase();
-    let normalised =
-        if upper_cased_code.starts_with('E') { upper_cased_code } else { format!("E{code:0>4}") };
-    match registry.try_find_description(&normalised) {
-        Ok(description) => {
-            let mut is_in_code_block = false;
-            let mut text = String::new();
-            // Slice off the leading newline and print.
-            for line in description.lines() {
-                let indent_level =
-                    line.find(|c: char| !c.is_whitespace()).unwrap_or_else(|| line.len());
-                let dedented_line = &line[indent_level..];
-                if dedented_line.starts_with("```") {
-                    is_in_code_block = !is_in_code_block;
-                    text.push_str(&line[..(indent_level + 3)]);
-                } else if is_in_code_block && dedented_line.starts_with("# ") {
-                    continue;
-                } else {
-                    text.push_str(line);
-                }
-                text.push('\n');
-            }
-            if io::stdout().is_terminal() {
-                show_md_content_with_pager(&text, color);
+    let start = if upper_cased_code.starts_with('E') { 1 } else { 0 };
+    if let Ok(code) = upper_cased_code[start..].parse::<u32>()
+        && let Ok(description) = registry.try_find_description(ErrCode::from_u32(code))
+    {
+        let mut is_in_code_block = false;
+        let mut text = String::new();
+        // Slice off the leading newline and print.
+        for line in description.lines() {
+            let indent_level =
+                line.find(|c: char| !c.is_whitespace()).unwrap_or_else(|| line.len());
+            let dedented_line = &line[indent_level..];
+            if dedented_line.starts_with("```") {
+                is_in_code_block = !is_in_code_block;
+                text.push_str(&line[..(indent_level + 3)]);
+            } else if is_in_code_block && dedented_line.starts_with("# ") {
+                continue;
             } else {
-                safe_print!("{text}");
+                text.push_str(line);
             }
+            text.push('\n');
         }
-        Err(InvalidErrorCode) => {
-            early_dcx.early_fatal(format!("{code} is not a valid error code"));
+        if io::stdout().is_terminal() {
+            show_md_content_with_pager(&text, color);
+        } else {
+            safe_print!("{text}");
         }
+    } else {
+        early_dcx.early_fatal(format!("{code} is not a valid error code"));
     }
 }