Stop using String for error codes.

Error codes are integers, but `String` is used everywhere to represent
them. Gross!

This commit introduces `ErrCode`, an integral newtype for error codes,
replacing `String`. It also introduces a constant for every error code,
e.g. `E0123`, and removes the `error_code!` macro. The constants are
imported wherever used with `use rustc_errors::codes::*`.

With the old code, we have three different ways to specify an error code
at a use point:
```
error_code!(E0123)  // macro call

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // bare ident arg to macro call

\#[diag(name, code = "E0123")]  // string
struct Diag;
```

With the new code, they all use the `E0123` constant.
```
E0123  // constant

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // constant

\#[diag(name, code = E0123)]  // constant
struct Diag;
```

The commit also changes the structure of the error code definitions:
- `rustc_error_codes` now just defines a higher-order macro listing the
  used error codes and nothing else.
- Because that's now the only thing in the `rustc_error_codes` crate, I
  moved it into the `lib.rs` file and removed the `error_codes.rs` file.
- `rustc_errors` uses that macro to define everything, e.g. the error
  code constants and the `DIAGNOSTIC_TABLES`. This is in its new
  `codes.rs` file.

compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use rustc_errors::DiagnosticArgFromDisplay;
+use rustc_errors::{codes::*, DiagnosticArgFromDisplay};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::{symbol::Ident, Span, Symbol};
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic, Clone, Copy)]
-#[diag(ast_lowering_generic_type_with_parentheses, code = "E0214")]
+#[diag(ast_lowering_generic_type_with_parentheses, code = E0214)]
 pub struct GenericTypeWithParentheses {
     #[primary_span]
     #[label]
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub struct UseAngleBrackets {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(ast_lowering_invalid_abi, code = "E0703")]
+#[diag(ast_lowering_invalid_abi, code = E0703)]
 #[note]
 pub struct InvalidAbi {
     #[primary_span]
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub enum AssocTyParenthesesSub {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(ast_lowering_misplaced_impl_trait, code = "E0562")]
+#[diag(ast_lowering_misplaced_impl_trait, code = E0562)]
 #[note]
 pub struct MisplacedImplTrait<'a> {
     #[primary_span]
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ pub struct UnderscoreExprLhsAssign {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic, Clone, Copy)]
-#[diag(ast_lowering_base_expression_double_dot, code = "E0797")]
+#[diag(ast_lowering_base_expression_double_dot, code = E0797)]
 pub struct BaseExpressionDoubleDot {
     #[primary_span]
     #[suggestion(code = "/* expr */", applicability = "has-placeholders", style = "verbose")]
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ pub struct BaseExpressionDoubleDot {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic, Clone, Copy)]
-#[diag(ast_lowering_await_only_in_async_fn_and_blocks, code = "E0728")]
+#[diag(ast_lowering_await_only_in_async_fn_and_blocks, code = E0728)]
 pub struct AwaitOnlyInAsyncFnAndBlocks {
     #[primary_span]
     #[label]
@@ -132,14 +132,14 @@ pub struct AwaitOnlyInAsyncFnAndBlocks {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic, Clone, Copy)]
-#[diag(ast_lowering_coroutine_too_many_parameters, code = "E0628")]
+#[diag(ast_lowering_coroutine_too_many_parameters, code = E0628)]
 pub struct CoroutineTooManyParameters {
     #[primary_span]
     pub fn_decl_span: Span,
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic, Clone, Copy)]
-#[diag(ast_lowering_closure_cannot_be_static, code = "E0697")]
+#[diag(ast_lowering_closure_cannot_be_static, code = E0697)]
 pub struct ClosureCannotBeStatic {
     #[primary_span]
     pub fn_decl_span: Span,
@@ -154,14 +154,14 @@ pub struct FunctionalRecordUpdateDestructuringAssignment {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic, Clone, Copy)]
-#[diag(ast_lowering_async_coroutines_not_supported, code = "E0727")]
+#[diag(ast_lowering_async_coroutines_not_supported, code = E0727)]
 pub struct AsyncCoroutinesNotSupported {
     #[primary_span]
     pub span: Span,
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic, Clone, Copy)]
-#[diag(ast_lowering_inline_asm_unsupported_target, code = "E0472")]
+#[diag(ast_lowering_inline_asm_unsupported_target, code = E0472)]
 pub struct InlineAsmUnsupportedTarget {
     #[primary_span]
     pub span: Span,