Auto merge of #22532 - pnkfelix:arith-overflow, r=pnkfelix,eddyb

Rebase and follow-through on work done by @cmr and @aatch.

Implements most of rust-lang/rfcs#560. Errors encountered from the checks during building were fixed.

The checks for division, remainder and bit-shifting have not been implemented yet.

See also PR #20795

cc @Aatch ; cc @nikomatsakis

src/libstd/sys/unix/backtrace.rs

@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ pub fn write(w: &mut Writer) -> IoResult<()> {
         let mut ip = unsafe {
             uw::_Unwind_GetIPInfo(ctx, &mut ip_before_insn) as *mut libc::c_void
         };
-        if ip_before_insn == 0 {
+        if !ip.is_null() && ip_before_insn == 0 {
             // this is a non-signaling frame, so `ip` refers to the address
             // after the calling instruction. account for that.
             ip = (ip as usize - 1) as *mut _;