rust/src/librustc/infer/mod.rs

// Copyright 2012-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

//! See the Book for more information.

pub use self::freshen::TypeFreshener;
pub use self::LateBoundRegionConversionTime::*;
pub use self::RegionVariableOrigin::*;
pub use self::SubregionOrigin::*;
pub use self::ValuePairs::*;
pub use ty::IntVarValue;

use arena::SyncDroplessArena;
use errors::DiagnosticBuilder;
use hir::def_id::DefId;
use middle::free_region::RegionRelations;
use middle::lang_items;
use middle::region;
use rustc_data_structures::unify as ut;
use std::cell::{Cell, Ref, RefCell, RefMut};
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::fmt;
use syntax::ast;
use syntax_pos::symbol::InternedString;
use syntax_pos::{self, Span};
use traits::{self, ObligationCause, PredicateObligations, TraitEngine};
use ty::error::{ExpectedFound, TypeError, UnconstrainedNumeric};
use ty::fold::TypeFoldable;
use ty::relate::RelateResult;
use ty::subst::{Kind, Substs};
use ty::{self, GenericParamDefKind, Ty, TyCtxt};
use ty::{FloatVid, IntVid, TyVid};
use util::nodemap::FxHashMap;

use self::combine::CombineFields;
use self::higher_ranked::HrMatchResult;
use self::lexical_region_resolve::LexicalRegionResolutions;
use self::outlives::env::OutlivesEnvironment;
use self::region_constraints::{GenericKind, RegionConstraintData, VarInfos, VerifyBound};
use self::region_constraints::{RegionConstraintCollector, RegionSnapshot};
use self::type_variable::TypeVariableOrigin;
use self::unify_key::ToType;

pub mod opaque_types;
pub mod at;
pub mod canonical;
mod combine;
mod equate;
pub mod error_reporting;
mod freshen;
mod fudge;
mod glb;
mod higher_ranked;
pub mod lattice;
mod lexical_region_resolve;
mod lub;
pub mod outlives;
pub mod region_constraints;
pub mod resolve;
mod sub;
pub mod type_variable;
pub mod unify_key;

#[must_use]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct InferOk<'tcx, T> {
    pub value: T,
    pub obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>,
}
pub type InferResult<'tcx, T> = Result<InferOk<'tcx, T>, TypeError<'tcx>>;

pub type Bound<T> = Option<T>;
pub type UnitResult<'tcx> = RelateResult<'tcx, ()>; // "unify result"
pub type FixupResult<T> = Result<T, FixupError>; // "fixup result"

/// A flag that is given when running region resolution: if true, it
/// indicates that we should not report the region errors to the user
/// if NLL is enabled, since NLL will also detect them (and do a
/// better job of it).
///
/// Currently, NLL only runs on HIR bodies, so you should use `false`
/// unless you are region-checking a `hir::Body` (basically, a fn or
/// expression).
pub struct UnlessNll(pub bool);

pub struct InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx: 'a + 'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
    pub tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,

    /// During type-checking/inference of a body, `in_progress_tables`
    /// contains a reference to the tables being built up, which are
    /// used for reading closure kinds/signatures as they are inferred,
    /// and for error reporting logic to read arbitrary node types.
    pub in_progress_tables: Option<&'a RefCell<ty::TypeckTables<'tcx>>>,

    // Cache for projections. This cache is snapshotted along with the
    // infcx.
    //
    // Public so that `traits::project` can use it.
    pub projection_cache: RefCell<traits::ProjectionCache<'tcx>>,

    // We instantiate UnificationTable with bounds<Ty> because the
    // types that might instantiate a general type variable have an
    // order, represented by its upper and lower bounds.
    pub type_variables: RefCell<type_variable::TypeVariableTable<'tcx>>,

    // Map from integral variable to the kind of integer it represents
    int_unification_table: RefCell<ut::UnificationTable<ut::InPlace<ty::IntVid>>>,

    // Map from floating variable to the kind of float it represents
    float_unification_table: RefCell<ut::UnificationTable<ut::InPlace<ty::FloatVid>>>,

    // Tracks the set of region variables and the constraints between
    // them.  This is initially `Some(_)` but when
    // `resolve_regions_and_report_errors` is invoked, this gets set
    // to `None` -- further attempts to perform unification etc may
    // fail if new region constraints would've been added.
    region_constraints: RefCell<Option<RegionConstraintCollector<'tcx>>>,

    // Once region inference is done, the values for each variable.
    lexical_region_resolutions: RefCell<Option<LexicalRegionResolutions<'tcx>>>,

    /// Caches the results of trait selection. This cache is used
    /// for things that have to do with the parameters in scope.
    pub selection_cache: traits::SelectionCache<'tcx>,

    /// Caches the results of trait evaluation.
    pub evaluation_cache: traits::EvaluationCache<'tcx>,

    // the set of predicates on which errors have been reported, to
    // avoid reporting the same error twice.
    pub reported_trait_errors: RefCell<FxHashMap<Span, Vec<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>>>,

    // When an error occurs, we want to avoid reporting "derived"
    // errors that are due to this original failure. Normally, we
    // handle this with the `err_count_on_creation` count, which
    // basically just tracks how many errors were reported when we
    // started type-checking a fn and checks to see if any new errors
    // have been reported since then. Not great, but it works.
    //
    // However, when errors originated in other passes -- notably
    // resolve -- this heuristic breaks down. Therefore, we have this
    // auxiliary flag that one can set whenever one creates a
    // type-error that is due to an error in a prior pass.
    //
    // Don't read this flag directly, call `is_tainted_by_errors()`
    // and `set_tainted_by_errors()`.
    tainted_by_errors_flag: Cell<bool>,

    // Track how many errors were reported when this infcx is created.
    // If the number of errors increases, that's also a sign (line
    // `tained_by_errors`) to avoid reporting certain kinds of errors.
    err_count_on_creation: usize,

    // This flag is true while there is an active snapshot.
    in_snapshot: Cell<bool>,

    // A set of constraints that regionck must validate. Each
    // constraint has the form `T:'a`, meaning "some type `T` must
    // outlive the lifetime 'a". These constraints derive from
    // instantiated type parameters. So if you had a struct defined
    // like
    //
    //     struct Foo<T:'static> { ... }
    //
    // then in some expression `let x = Foo { ... }` it will
    // instantiate the type parameter `T` with a fresh type `$0`. At
    // the same time, it will record a region obligation of
    // `$0:'static`. This will get checked later by regionck. (We
    // can't generally check these things right away because we have
    // to wait until types are resolved.)
    //
    // These are stored in a map keyed to the id of the innermost
    // enclosing fn body / static initializer expression. This is
    // because the location where the obligation was incurred can be
    // relevant with respect to which sublifetime assumptions are in
    // place. The reason that we store under the fn-id, and not
    // something more fine-grained, is so that it is easier for
    // regionck to be sure that it has found *all* the region
    // obligations (otherwise, it's easy to fail to walk to a
    // particular node-id).
    //
    // Before running `resolve_regions_and_report_errors`, the creator
    // of the inference context is expected to invoke
    // `process_region_obligations` (defined in `self::region_obligations`)
    // for each body-id in this map, which will process the
    // obligations within. This is expected to be done 'late enough'
    // that all type inference variables have been bound and so forth.
    pub region_obligations: RefCell<Vec<(ast::NodeId, RegionObligation<'tcx>)>>,

    /// What is the innermost universe we have created? Starts out as
    /// `UniverseIndex::root()` but grows from there as we enter
    /// universal quantifiers.
    ///
    /// NB: At present, we exclude the universal quantifiers on the
    /// item we are type-checking, and just consider those names as
    /// part of the root universe. So this would only get incremented
    /// when we enter into a higher-ranked (`for<..>`) type or trait
    /// bound.
    universe: Cell<ty::UniverseIndex>,
}

/// A map returned by `skolemize_late_bound_regions()` indicating the skolemized
/// region that each late-bound region was replaced with.
pub type SkolemizationMap<'tcx> = BTreeMap<ty::BoundRegion, ty::Region<'tcx>>;

/// See `error_reporting` module for more details
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum ValuePairs<'tcx> {
    Types(ExpectedFound<Ty<'tcx>>),
    Regions(ExpectedFound<ty::Region<'tcx>>),
    TraitRefs(ExpectedFound<ty::TraitRef<'tcx>>),
    PolyTraitRefs(ExpectedFound<ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>>),
}

/// The trace designates the path through inference that we took to
/// encounter an error or subtyping constraint.
///
/// See `error_reporting` module for more details.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct TypeTrace<'tcx> {
    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
    values: ValuePairs<'tcx>,
}

/// The origin of a `r1 <= r2` constraint.
///
/// See `error_reporting` module for more details
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum SubregionOrigin<'tcx> {
    // Arose from a subtyping relation
    Subtype(TypeTrace<'tcx>),

    // Stack-allocated closures cannot outlive innermost loop
    // or function so as to ensure we only require finite stack
    InfStackClosure(Span),

    // Invocation of closure must be within its lifetime
    InvokeClosure(Span),

    // Dereference of reference must be within its lifetime
    DerefPointer(Span),

    // Closure bound must not outlive captured free variables
    FreeVariable(Span, ast::NodeId),

    // Index into slice must be within its lifetime
    IndexSlice(Span),

    // When casting `&'a T` to an `&'b Trait` object,
    // relating `'a` to `'b`
    RelateObjectBound(Span),

    // Some type parameter was instantiated with the given type,
    // and that type must outlive some region.
    RelateParamBound(Span, Ty<'tcx>),

    // The given region parameter was instantiated with a region
    // that must outlive some other region.
    RelateRegionParamBound(Span),

    // A bound placed on type parameters that states that must outlive
    // the moment of their instantiation.
    RelateDefaultParamBound(Span, Ty<'tcx>),

    // Creating a pointer `b` to contents of another reference
    Reborrow(Span),

    // Creating a pointer `b` to contents of an upvar
    ReborrowUpvar(Span, ty::UpvarId),

    // Data with type `Ty<'tcx>` was borrowed
    DataBorrowed(Ty<'tcx>, Span),

    // (&'a &'b T) where a >= b
    ReferenceOutlivesReferent(Ty<'tcx>, Span),

    // Type or region parameters must be in scope.
    ParameterInScope(ParameterOrigin, Span),

    // The type T of an expression E must outlive the lifetime for E.
    ExprTypeIsNotInScope(Ty<'tcx>, Span),

    // A `ref b` whose region does not enclose the decl site
    BindingTypeIsNotValidAtDecl(Span),

    // Regions appearing in a method receiver must outlive method call
    CallRcvr(Span),

    // Regions appearing in a function argument must outlive func call
    CallArg(Span),

    // Region in return type of invoked fn must enclose call
    CallReturn(Span),

    // Operands must be in scope
    Operand(Span),

    // Region resulting from a `&` expr must enclose the `&` expr
    AddrOf(Span),

    // An auto-borrow that does not enclose the expr where it occurs
    AutoBorrow(Span),

    // Region constraint arriving from destructor safety
    SafeDestructor(Span),

    // Comparing the signature and requirements of an impl method against
    // the containing trait.
    CompareImplMethodObligation {
        span: Span,
        item_name: ast::Name,
        impl_item_def_id: DefId,
        trait_item_def_id: DefId,
    },
}

/// Places that type/region parameters can appear.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub enum ParameterOrigin {
    Path,               // foo::bar
    MethodCall,         // foo.bar() <-- parameters on impl providing bar()
    OverloadedOperator, // a + b when overloaded
    OverloadedDeref,    // *a when overloaded
}

/// Times when we replace late-bound regions with variables:
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub enum LateBoundRegionConversionTime {
    /// when a fn is called
    FnCall,

    /// when two higher-ranked types are compared
    HigherRankedType,

    /// when projecting an associated type
    AssocTypeProjection(DefId),
}

/// Reasons to create a region inference variable
///
/// See `error_reporting` module for more details
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub enum RegionVariableOrigin {
    // Region variables created for ill-categorized reasons,
    // mostly indicates places in need of refactoring
    MiscVariable(Span),

    // Regions created by a `&P` or `[...]` pattern
    PatternRegion(Span),

    // Regions created by `&` operator
    AddrOfRegion(Span),

    // Regions created as part of an autoref of a method receiver
    Autoref(Span),

    // Regions created as part of an automatic coercion
    Coercion(Span),

    // Region variables created as the values for early-bound regions
    EarlyBoundRegion(Span, InternedString),

    // Region variables created for bound regions
    // in a function or method that is called
    LateBoundRegion(Span, ty::BoundRegion, LateBoundRegionConversionTime),

    UpvarRegion(ty::UpvarId, Span),

    BoundRegionInCoherence(ast::Name),

    // This origin is used for the inference variables that we create
    // during NLL region processing.
    NLL(NLLRegionVariableOrigin),
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum NLLRegionVariableOrigin {
    // During NLL region processing, we create variables for free
    // regions that we encounter in the function signature and
    // elsewhere. This origin indices we've got one of those.
    FreeRegion,

    BoundRegion(ty::UniverseIndex),

    Existential,
}

impl NLLRegionVariableOrigin {
    pub fn is_universal(self) -> bool {
        match self {
            NLLRegionVariableOrigin::FreeRegion => true,
            NLLRegionVariableOrigin::BoundRegion(..) => true,
            NLLRegionVariableOrigin::Existential => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn is_existential(self) -> bool {
        !self.is_universal()
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub enum FixupError {
    UnresolvedIntTy(IntVid),
    UnresolvedFloatTy(FloatVid),
    UnresolvedTy(TyVid),
}

/// See the `region_obligations` field for more information.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct RegionObligation<'tcx> {
    pub sub_region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
    pub sup_type: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
}

impl fmt::Display for FixupError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        use self::FixupError::*;

        match *self {
            UnresolvedIntTy(_) => write!(
                f,
                "cannot determine the type of this integer; \
                 add a suffix to specify the type explicitly"
            ),
            UnresolvedFloatTy(_) => write!(
                f,
                "cannot determine the type of this number; \
                 add a suffix to specify the type explicitly"
            ),
            UnresolvedTy(_) => write!(f, "unconstrained type"),
        }
    }
}

/// Helper type of a temporary returned by tcx.infer_ctxt().
/// Necessary because we can't write the following bound:
/// F: for<'b, 'tcx> where 'gcx: 'tcx FnOnce(InferCtxt<'b, 'gcx, 'tcx>).
pub struct InferCtxtBuilder<'a, 'gcx: 'a + 'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
    global_tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'gcx>,
    arena: SyncDroplessArena,
    fresh_tables: Option<RefCell<ty::TypeckTables<'tcx>>>,
}

impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'gcx> {
    pub fn infer_ctxt(self) -> InferCtxtBuilder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
        InferCtxtBuilder {
            global_tcx: self,
            arena: SyncDroplessArena::new(),
            fresh_tables: None,
        }
    }
}

impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxtBuilder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
    /// Used only by `rustc_typeck` during body type-checking/inference,
    /// will initialize `in_progress_tables` with fresh `TypeckTables`.
    pub fn with_fresh_in_progress_tables(mut self, table_owner: DefId) -> Self {
        self.fresh_tables = Some(RefCell::new(ty::TypeckTables::empty(Some(table_owner))));
        self
    }

    pub fn enter<F, R>(&'tcx mut self, f: F) -> R
    where
        F: for<'b> FnOnce(InferCtxt<'b, 'gcx, 'tcx>) -> R,
    {
        let InferCtxtBuilder {
            global_tcx,
            ref arena,
            ref fresh_tables,
        } = *self;
        let in_progress_tables = fresh_tables.as_ref();
        global_tcx.enter_local(arena, |tcx| {
            f(InferCtxt {
                tcx,
                in_progress_tables,
                projection_cache: RefCell::new(traits::ProjectionCache::new()),
                type_variables: RefCell::new(type_variable::TypeVariableTable::new()),
                int_unification_table: RefCell::new(ut::UnificationTable::new()),
                float_unification_table: RefCell::new(ut::UnificationTable::new()),
                region_constraints: RefCell::new(Some(RegionConstraintCollector::new())),
                lexical_region_resolutions: RefCell::new(None),
                selection_cache: traits::SelectionCache::new(),
                evaluation_cache: traits::EvaluationCache::new(),
                reported_trait_errors: RefCell::new(FxHashMap()),
                tainted_by_errors_flag: Cell::new(false),
                err_count_on_creation: tcx.sess.err_count(),
                in_snapshot: Cell::new(false),
                region_obligations: RefCell::new(vec![]),
                universe: Cell::new(ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT),
            })
        })
    }
}

impl<T> ExpectedFound<T> {
    pub fn new(a_is_expected: bool, a: T, b: T) -> Self {
        if a_is_expected {
            ExpectedFound {
                expected: a,
                found: b,
            }
        } else {
            ExpectedFound {
                expected: b,
                found: a,
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx, T> InferOk<'tcx, T> {
    pub fn unit(self) -> InferOk<'tcx, ()> {
        InferOk {
            value: (),
            obligations: self.obligations,
        }
    }

    /// Extract `value`, registering any obligations into `fulfill_cx`
    pub fn into_value_registering_obligations(
        self,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, '_, 'tcx>,
        fulfill_cx: &mut impl TraitEngine<'tcx>,
    ) -> T {
        let InferOk { value, obligations } = self;
        for obligation in obligations {
            fulfill_cx.register_predicate_obligation(infcx, obligation);
        }
        value
    }
}

impl<'tcx> InferOk<'tcx, ()> {
    pub fn into_obligations(self) -> PredicateObligations<'tcx> {
        self.obligations
    }
}

#[must_use = "once you start a snapshot, you should always consume it"]
pub struct CombinedSnapshot<'a, 'tcx: 'a> {
    projection_cache_snapshot: traits::ProjectionCacheSnapshot,
    type_snapshot: type_variable::Snapshot<'tcx>,
    int_snapshot: ut::Snapshot<ut::InPlace<ty::IntVid>>,
    float_snapshot: ut::Snapshot<ut::InPlace<ty::FloatVid>>,
    region_constraints_snapshot: RegionSnapshot,
    region_obligations_snapshot: usize,
    universe: ty::UniverseIndex,
    was_in_snapshot: bool,
    _in_progress_tables: Option<Ref<'a, ty::TypeckTables<'tcx>>>,
}

impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
    pub fn is_in_snapshot(&self) -> bool {
        self.in_snapshot.get()
    }

    pub fn freshen<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(&self, t: T) -> T {
        t.fold_with(&mut self.freshener())
    }

    pub fn type_var_diverges(&'a self, ty: Ty) -> bool {
        match ty.sty {
            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(vid)) => self.type_variables.borrow().var_diverges(vid),
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn freshener<'b>(&'b self) -> TypeFreshener<'b, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
        freshen::TypeFreshener::new(self)
    }

    pub fn type_is_unconstrained_numeric(&'a self, ty: Ty) -> UnconstrainedNumeric {
        use ty::error::UnconstrainedNumeric::Neither;
        use ty::error::UnconstrainedNumeric::{UnconstrainedFloat, UnconstrainedInt};
        match ty.sty {
            ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(vid)) => {
                if self.int_unification_table
                    .borrow_mut()
                    .probe_value(vid)
                    .is_some()
                {
                    Neither
                } else {
                    UnconstrainedInt
                }
            }
            ty::Infer(ty::FloatVar(vid)) => {
                if self.float_unification_table
                    .borrow_mut()
                    .probe_value(vid)
                    .is_some()
                {
                    Neither
                } else {
                    UnconstrainedFloat
                }
            }
            _ => Neither,
        }
    }

    pub fn unsolved_variables(&self) -> Vec<Ty<'tcx>> {
        let mut type_variables = self.type_variables.borrow_mut();
        let mut int_unification_table = self.int_unification_table.borrow_mut();
        let mut float_unification_table = self.float_unification_table.borrow_mut();

        type_variables
            .unsolved_variables()
            .into_iter()
            .map(|t| self.tcx.mk_var(t))
            .chain(
                (0..int_unification_table.len())
                    .map(|i| ty::IntVid { index: i as u32 })
                    .filter(|&vid| int_unification_table.probe_value(vid).is_none())
                    .map(|v| self.tcx.mk_int_var(v)),
            )
            .chain(
                (0..float_unification_table.len())
                    .map(|i| ty::FloatVid { index: i as u32 })
                    .filter(|&vid| float_unification_table.probe_value(vid).is_none())
                    .map(|v| self.tcx.mk_float_var(v)),
            )
            .collect()
    }

    fn combine_fields(
        &'a self,
        trace: TypeTrace<'tcx>,
        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
    ) -> CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
        CombineFields {
            infcx: self,
            trace,
            cause: None,
            param_env,
            obligations: PredicateObligations::new(),
        }
    }

    // Clear the "currently in a snapshot" flag, invoke the closure,
    // then restore the flag to its original value. This flag is a
    // debugging measure designed to detect cases where we start a
    // snapshot, create type variables, and register obligations
    // which may involve those type variables in the fulfillment cx,
    // potentially leaving "dangling type variables" behind.
    // In such cases, an assertion will fail when attempting to
    // register obligations, within a snapshot. Very useful, much
    // better than grovelling through megabytes of RUST_LOG output.
    //
    // HOWEVER, in some cases the flag is unhelpful. In particular, we
    // sometimes create a "mini-fulfilment-cx" in which we enroll
    // obligations. As long as this fulfillment cx is fully drained
    // before we return, this is not a problem, as there won't be any
    // escaping obligations in the main cx. In those cases, you can
    // use this function.
    pub fn save_and_restore_in_snapshot_flag<F, R>(&self, func: F) -> R
    where
        F: FnOnce(&Self) -> R,
    {
        let flag = self.in_snapshot.get();
        self.in_snapshot.set(false);
        let result = func(self);
        self.in_snapshot.set(flag);
        result
    }

    fn start_snapshot(&self) -> CombinedSnapshot<'a, 'tcx> {
        debug!("start_snapshot()");

        let in_snapshot = self.in_snapshot.get();
        self.in_snapshot.set(true);

        CombinedSnapshot {
            projection_cache_snapshot: self.projection_cache.borrow_mut().snapshot(),
            type_snapshot: self.type_variables.borrow_mut().snapshot(),
            int_snapshot: self.int_unification_table.borrow_mut().snapshot(),
            float_snapshot: self.float_unification_table.borrow_mut().snapshot(),
            region_constraints_snapshot: self.borrow_region_constraints().start_snapshot(),
            region_obligations_snapshot: self.region_obligations.borrow().len(),
            universe: self.universe(),
            was_in_snapshot: in_snapshot,
            // Borrow tables "in progress" (i.e. during typeck)
            // to ban writes from within a snapshot to them.
            _in_progress_tables: self.in_progress_tables.map(|tables| tables.borrow()),
        }
    }

    fn rollback_to(&self, cause: &str, snapshot: CombinedSnapshot<'a, 'tcx>) {
        debug!("rollback_to(cause={})", cause);
        let CombinedSnapshot {
            projection_cache_snapshot,
            type_snapshot,
            int_snapshot,
            float_snapshot,
            region_constraints_snapshot,
            region_obligations_snapshot,
            universe,
            was_in_snapshot,
            _in_progress_tables,
        } = snapshot;

        self.in_snapshot.set(was_in_snapshot);
        self.universe.set(universe);

        self.projection_cache
            .borrow_mut()
            .rollback_to(projection_cache_snapshot);
        self.type_variables.borrow_mut().rollback_to(type_snapshot);
        self.int_unification_table
            .borrow_mut()
            .rollback_to(int_snapshot);
        self.float_unification_table
            .borrow_mut()
            .rollback_to(float_snapshot);
        self.region_obligations
            .borrow_mut()
            .truncate(region_obligations_snapshot);
        self.borrow_region_constraints()
            .rollback_to(region_constraints_snapshot);
    }

    fn commit_from(&self, snapshot: CombinedSnapshot<'a, 'tcx>) {
        debug!("commit_from()");
        let CombinedSnapshot {
            projection_cache_snapshot,
            type_snapshot,
            int_snapshot,
            float_snapshot,
            region_constraints_snapshot,
            region_obligations_snapshot: _,
            universe: _,
            was_in_snapshot,
            _in_progress_tables,
        } = snapshot;

        self.in_snapshot.set(was_in_snapshot);

        self.projection_cache
            .borrow_mut()
            .commit(&projection_cache_snapshot);
        self.type_variables.borrow_mut().commit(type_snapshot);
        self.int_unification_table.borrow_mut().commit(int_snapshot);
        self.float_unification_table
            .borrow_mut()
            .commit(float_snapshot);
        self.borrow_region_constraints()
            .commit(region_constraints_snapshot);
    }

    /// Execute `f` and commit the bindings
    pub fn commit_unconditionally<R, F>(&self, f: F) -> R
    where
        F: FnOnce() -> R,
    {
        debug!("commit()");
        let snapshot = self.start_snapshot();
        let r = f();
        self.commit_from(snapshot);
        r
    }

    /// Execute `f` and commit the bindings if closure `f` returns `Ok(_)`
    pub fn commit_if_ok<T, E, F>(&self, f: F) -> Result<T, E>
    where
        F: FnOnce(&CombinedSnapshot<'a, 'tcx>) -> Result<T, E>,
    {
        debug!("commit_if_ok()");
        let snapshot = self.start_snapshot();
        let r = f(&snapshot);
        debug!("commit_if_ok() -- r.is_ok() = {}", r.is_ok());
        match r {
            Ok(_) => {
                self.commit_from(snapshot);
            }
            Err(_) => {
                self.rollback_to("commit_if_ok -- error", snapshot);
            }
        }
        r
    }

    // Execute `f` in a snapshot, and commit the bindings it creates
    pub fn in_snapshot<T, F>(&self, f: F) -> T
    where
        F: FnOnce(&CombinedSnapshot<'a, 'tcx>) -> T,
    {
        debug!("in_snapshot()");
        let snapshot = self.start_snapshot();
        let r = f(&snapshot);
        self.commit_from(snapshot);
        r
    }

    /// Execute `f` then unroll any bindings it creates
    pub fn probe<R, F>(&self, f: F) -> R
    where
        F: FnOnce(&CombinedSnapshot<'a, 'tcx>) -> R,
    {
        debug!("probe()");
        let snapshot = self.start_snapshot();
        let r = f(&snapshot);
        self.rollback_to("probe", snapshot);
        r
    }

    pub fn add_given(&self, sub: ty::Region<'tcx>, sup: ty::RegionVid) {
        self.borrow_region_constraints().add_given(sub, sup);
    }

    pub fn can_sub<T>(&self, param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>, a: T, b: T) -> UnitResult<'tcx>
    where
        T: at::ToTrace<'tcx>,
    {
        let origin = &ObligationCause::dummy();
        self.probe(|_| {
            self.at(origin, param_env)
                .sub(a, b)
                .map(|InferOk { obligations: _, .. }| {
                    // Ignore obligations, since we are unrolling
                    // everything anyway.
                })
        })
    }

    pub fn can_eq<T>(&self, param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>, a: T, b: T) -> UnitResult<'tcx>
    where
        T: at::ToTrace<'tcx>,
    {
        let origin = &ObligationCause::dummy();
        self.probe(|_| {
            self.at(origin, param_env)
                .eq(a, b)
                .map(|InferOk { obligations: _, .. }| {
                    // Ignore obligations, since we are unrolling
                    // everything anyway.
                })
        })
    }

    pub fn sub_regions(
        &self,
        origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
        a: ty::Region<'tcx>,
        b: ty::Region<'tcx>,
    ) {
        debug!("sub_regions({:?} <: {:?})", a, b);
        self.borrow_region_constraints()
            .make_subregion(origin, a, b);
    }

    pub fn subtype_predicate(
        &self,
        cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
        predicate: &ty::PolySubtypePredicate<'tcx>,
    ) -> Option<InferResult<'tcx, ()>> {
        // Subtle: it's ok to skip the binder here and resolve because
        // `shallow_resolve` just ignores anything that is not a type
        // variable, and because type variable's can't (at present, at
        // least) capture any of the things bound by this binder.
        //
        // Really, there is no *particular* reason to do this
        // `shallow_resolve` here except as a
        // micro-optimization. Naturally I could not
        // resist. -nmatsakis
        let two_unbound_type_vars = {
            let a = self.shallow_resolve(predicate.skip_binder().a);
            let b = self.shallow_resolve(predicate.skip_binder().b);
            a.is_ty_var() && b.is_ty_var()
        };

        if two_unbound_type_vars {
            // Two unbound type variables? Can't make progress.
            return None;
        }

        Some(self.commit_if_ok(|snapshot| {
            let (
                ty::SubtypePredicate {
                    a_is_expected,
                    a,
                    b,
                },
                skol_map,
            ) = self.skolemize_late_bound_regions(predicate);

            let cause_span = cause.span;
            let ok = self.at(cause, param_env).sub_exp(a_is_expected, a, b)?;
            self.leak_check(false, cause_span, &skol_map, snapshot)?;
            self.pop_skolemized(skol_map, snapshot);
            Ok(ok.unit())
        }))
    }

    pub fn region_outlives_predicate(
        &self,
        cause: &traits::ObligationCause<'tcx>,
        predicate: &ty::PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate<'tcx>,
    ) -> UnitResult<'tcx> {
        self.commit_if_ok(|snapshot| {
            let (ty::OutlivesPredicate(r_a, r_b), skol_map) =
                self.skolemize_late_bound_regions(predicate);
            let origin = SubregionOrigin::from_obligation_cause(cause, || {
                RelateRegionParamBound(cause.span)
            });
            self.sub_regions(origin, r_b, r_a); // `b : a` ==> `a <= b`
            self.leak_check(false, cause.span, &skol_map, snapshot)?;
            Ok(self.pop_skolemized(skol_map, snapshot))
        })
    }

    pub fn next_ty_var_id(&self, diverging: bool, origin: TypeVariableOrigin) -> TyVid {
        self.type_variables
            .borrow_mut()
            .new_var(self.universe(), diverging, origin)
    }

    pub fn next_ty_var(&self, origin: TypeVariableOrigin) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.tcx.mk_var(self.next_ty_var_id(false, origin))
    }

    pub fn next_diverging_ty_var(&self, origin: TypeVariableOrigin) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.tcx.mk_var(self.next_ty_var_id(true, origin))
    }

    pub fn next_int_var_id(&self) -> IntVid {
        self.int_unification_table.borrow_mut().new_key(None)
    }

    pub fn next_float_var_id(&self) -> FloatVid {
        self.float_unification_table.borrow_mut().new_key(None)
    }

    /// Create a fresh region variable with the next available index.
    /// The variable will be created in the maximum universe created
    /// thus far, allowing it to name any region created thus far.
    pub fn next_region_var(&self, origin: RegionVariableOrigin) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
        self.next_region_var_in_universe(origin, self.universe())
    }

    /// Create a fresh region variable with the next available index
    /// in the given universe; typically, you can use
    /// `next_region_var` and just use the maximal universe.
    pub fn next_region_var_in_universe(
        &self,
        origin: RegionVariableOrigin,
        universe: ty::UniverseIndex,
    ) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
        let region_var = self.borrow_region_constraints()
            .new_region_var(universe, origin);
        self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(region_var))
    }

    /// Number of region variables created so far.
    pub fn num_region_vars(&self) -> usize {
        self.borrow_region_constraints().num_region_vars()
    }

    /// Just a convenient wrapper of `next_region_var` for using during NLL.
    pub fn next_nll_region_var(&self, origin: NLLRegionVariableOrigin) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
        self.next_region_var(RegionVariableOrigin::NLL(origin))
    }

    /// Just a convenient wrapper of `next_region_var` for using during NLL.
    pub fn next_nll_region_var_in_universe(
        &self,
        origin: NLLRegionVariableOrigin,
        universe: ty::UniverseIndex,
    ) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
        self.next_region_var_in_universe(RegionVariableOrigin::NLL(origin), universe)
    }

    pub fn var_for_def(&self, span: Span, param: &ty::GenericParamDef) -> Kind<'tcx> {
        match param.kind {
            GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime => {
                // Create a region inference variable for the given
                // region parameter definition.
                self.next_region_var(EarlyBoundRegion(span, param.name))
                    .into()
            }
            GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. } => {
                // Create a type inference variable for the given
                // type parameter definition. The substitutions are
                // for actual parameters that may be referred to by
                // the default of this type parameter, if it exists.
                // E.g. `struct Foo<A, B, C = (A, B)>(...);` when
                // used in a path such as `Foo::<T, U>::new()` will
                // use an inference variable for `C` with `[T, U]`
                // as the substitutions for the default, `(T, U)`.
                let ty_var_id = self.type_variables.borrow_mut().new_var(
                    self.universe(),
                    false,
                    TypeVariableOrigin::TypeParameterDefinition(span, param.name),
                );

                self.tcx.mk_var(ty_var_id).into()
            }
        }
    }

    /// Given a set of generics defined on a type or impl, returns a substitution mapping each
    /// type/region parameter to a fresh inference variable.
    pub fn fresh_substs_for_item(&self, span: Span, def_id: DefId) -> &'tcx Substs<'tcx> {
        Substs::for_item(self.tcx, def_id, |param, _| self.var_for_def(span, param))
    }

    /// True if errors have been reported since this infcx was
    /// created.  This is sometimes used as a heuristic to skip
    /// reporting errors that often occur as a result of earlier
    /// errors, but where it's hard to be 100% sure (e.g., unresolved
    /// inference variables, regionck errors).
    pub fn is_tainted_by_errors(&self) -> bool {
        debug!(
            "is_tainted_by_errors(err_count={}, err_count_on_creation={}, \
             tainted_by_errors_flag={})",
            self.tcx.sess.err_count(),
            self.err_count_on_creation,
            self.tainted_by_errors_flag.get()
        );

        if self.tcx.sess.err_count() > self.err_count_on_creation {
            return true; // errors reported since this infcx was made
        }
        self.tainted_by_errors_flag.get()
    }

    /// Set the "tainted by errors" flag to true. We call this when we
    /// observe an error from a prior pass.
    pub fn set_tainted_by_errors(&self) {
        debug!("set_tainted_by_errors()");
        self.tainted_by_errors_flag.set(true)
    }

    /// Process the region constraints and report any errors that
    /// result. After this, no more unification operations should be
    /// done -- or the compiler will panic -- but it is legal to use
    /// `resolve_type_vars_if_possible` as well as `fully_resolve`.
    pub fn resolve_regions_and_report_errors(
        &self,
        region_context: DefId,
        region_map: &region::ScopeTree,
        outlives_env: &OutlivesEnvironment<'tcx>,
        unless_nll: UnlessNll,
    ) {
        assert!(
            self.is_tainted_by_errors() || self.region_obligations.borrow().is_empty(),
            "region_obligations not empty: {:#?}",
            self.region_obligations.borrow()
        );

        let region_rels = &RegionRelations::new(
            self.tcx,
            region_context,
            region_map,
            outlives_env.free_region_map(),
        );
        let (var_infos, data) = self.region_constraints
            .borrow_mut()
            .take()
            .expect("regions already resolved")
            .into_infos_and_data();
        let (lexical_region_resolutions, errors) =
            lexical_region_resolve::resolve(region_rels, var_infos, data);

        let old_value = self.lexical_region_resolutions
            .replace(Some(lexical_region_resolutions));
        assert!(old_value.is_none());

        if !self.is_tainted_by_errors() {
            // As a heuristic, just skip reporting region errors
            // altogether if other errors have been reported while
            // this infcx was in use.  This is totally hokey but
            // otherwise we have a hard time separating legit region
            // errors from silly ones.
            self.report_region_errors(region_map, &errors, unless_nll);
        }
    }

    /// Obtains (and clears) the current set of region
    /// constraints. The inference context is still usable: further
    /// unifications will simply add new constraints.
    ///
    /// This method is not meant to be used with normal lexical region
    /// resolution. Rather, it is used in the NLL mode as a kind of
    /// interim hack: basically we run normal type-check and generate
    /// region constraints as normal, but then we take them and
    /// translate them into the form that the NLL solver
    /// understands. See the NLL module for mode details.
    pub fn take_and_reset_region_constraints(&self) -> RegionConstraintData<'tcx> {
        assert!(
            self.region_obligations.borrow().is_empty(),
            "region_obligations not empty: {:#?}",
            self.region_obligations.borrow()
        );

        self.borrow_region_constraints().take_and_reset_data()
    }

    /// Gives temporary access to the region constraint data.
    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)] // bug with impl trait
    pub fn with_region_constraints<R>(
        &self,
        op: impl FnOnce(&RegionConstraintData<'tcx>) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        let region_constraints = self.borrow_region_constraints();
        op(region_constraints.data())
    }

    /// Takes ownership of the list of variable regions. This implies
    /// that all the region constriants have already been taken, and
    /// hence that `resolve_regions_and_report_errors` can never be
    /// called. This is used only during NLL processing to "hand off" ownership
    /// of the set of region vairables into the NLL region context.
    pub fn take_region_var_origins(&self) -> VarInfos {
        let (var_infos, data) = self.region_constraints
            .borrow_mut()
            .take()
            .expect("regions already resolved")
            .into_infos_and_data();
        assert!(data.is_empty());
        var_infos
    }

    pub fn ty_to_string(&self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> String {
        self.resolve_type_vars_if_possible(&t).to_string()
    }

    pub fn tys_to_string(&self, ts: &[Ty<'tcx>]) -> String {
        let tstrs: Vec<String> = ts.iter().map(|t| self.ty_to_string(*t)).collect();
        format!("({})", tstrs.join(", "))
    }

    pub fn trait_ref_to_string(&self, t: &ty::TraitRef<'tcx>) -> String {
        self.resolve_type_vars_if_possible(t).to_string()
    }

    // We have this force-inlined variant of shallow_resolve() for the one
    // callsite that is extremely hot. All other callsites use the normal
    // variant.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn inlined_shallow_resolve(&self, typ: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match typ.sty {
            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(v)) => {
                // Not entirely obvious: if `typ` is a type variable,
                // it can be resolved to an int/float variable, which
                // can then be recursively resolved, hence the
                // recursion. Note though that we prevent type
                // variables from unifyxing to other type variables
                // directly (though they may be embedded
                // structurally), and we prevent cycles in any case,
                // so this recursion should always be of very limited
                // depth.
                self.type_variables
                    .borrow_mut()
                    .probe(v)
                    .known()
                    .map(|t| self.shallow_resolve(t))
                    .unwrap_or(typ)
            }

            ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(v)) => self.int_unification_table
                .borrow_mut()
                .probe_value(v)
                .map(|v| v.to_type(self.tcx))
                .unwrap_or(typ),

            ty::Infer(ty::FloatVar(v)) => self.float_unification_table
                .borrow_mut()
                .probe_value(v)
                .map(|v| v.to_type(self.tcx))
                .unwrap_or(typ),

            _ => typ,
        }
    }

    pub fn shallow_resolve(&self, typ: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.inlined_shallow_resolve(typ)
    }

    pub fn resolve_type_vars_if_possible<T>(&self, value: &T) -> T
    where
        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
    {
        /*!
         * Where possible, replaces type/int/float variables in
         * `value` with their final value. Note that region variables
         * are unaffected. If a type variable has not been unified, it
         * is left as is.  This is an idempotent operation that does
         * not affect inference state in any way and so you can do it
         * at will.
         */

        if !value.needs_infer() {
            return value.clone(); // avoid duplicated subst-folding
        }
        let mut r = resolve::OpportunisticTypeResolver::new(self);
        value.fold_with(&mut r)
    }

    /// Returns true if `T` contains unresolved type variables. In the
    /// process of visiting `T`, this will resolve (where possible)
    /// type variables in `T`, but it never constructs the final,
    /// resolved type, so it's more efficient than
    /// `resolve_type_vars_if_possible()`.
    pub fn any_unresolved_type_vars<T>(&self, value: &T) -> bool
    where
        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
    {
        let mut r = resolve::UnresolvedTypeFinder::new(self);
        value.visit_with(&mut r)
    }

    pub fn resolve_type_and_region_vars_if_possible<T>(&self, value: &T) -> T
    where
        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
    {
        let mut r = resolve::OpportunisticTypeAndRegionResolver::new(self);
        value.fold_with(&mut r)
    }

    pub fn fully_resolve<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(&self, value: &T) -> FixupResult<T> {
        /*!
         * Attempts to resolve all type/region variables in
         * `value`. Region inference must have been run already (e.g.,
         * by calling `resolve_regions_and_report_errors`).  If some
         * variable was never unified, an `Err` results.
         *
         * This method is idempotent, but it not typically not invoked
         * except during the writeback phase.
         */

        resolve::fully_resolve(self, value)
    }

    // [Note-Type-error-reporting]
    // An invariant is that anytime the expected or actual type is Error (the special
    // error type, meaning that an error occurred when typechecking this expression),
    // this is a derived error. The error cascaded from another error (that was already
    // reported), so it's not useful to display it to the user.
    // The following methods implement this logic.
    // They check if either the actual or expected type is Error, and don't print the error
    // in this case. The typechecker should only ever report type errors involving mismatched
    // types using one of these methods, and should not call span_err directly for such
    // errors.

    pub fn type_error_struct_with_diag<M>(
        &self,
        sp: Span,
        mk_diag: M,
        actual_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    ) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx>
    where
        M: FnOnce(String) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx>,
    {
        let actual_ty = self.resolve_type_vars_if_possible(&actual_ty);
        debug!("type_error_struct_with_diag({:?}, {:?})", sp, actual_ty);

        // Don't report an error if actual type is Error.
        if actual_ty.references_error() {
            return self.tcx.sess.diagnostic().struct_dummy();
        }

        mk_diag(self.ty_to_string(actual_ty))
    }

    pub fn report_mismatched_types(
        &self,
        cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
        expected: Ty<'tcx>,
        actual: Ty<'tcx>,
        err: TypeError<'tcx>,
    ) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx> {
        let trace = TypeTrace::types(cause, true, expected, actual);
        self.report_and_explain_type_error(trace, &err)
    }

    pub fn replace_late_bound_regions_with_fresh_var<T>(
        &self,
        span: Span,
        lbrct: LateBoundRegionConversionTime,
        value: &ty::Binder<T>,
    ) -> (T, BTreeMap<ty::BoundRegion, ty::Region<'tcx>>)
    where
        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
    {
        self.tcx.replace_late_bound_regions(value, |br| {
            self.next_region_var(LateBoundRegion(span, br, lbrct))
        })
    }

    /// Given a higher-ranked projection predicate like:
    ///
    ///     for<'a> <T as Fn<&'a u32>>::Output = &'a u32
    ///
    /// and a target trait-ref like:
    ///
    ///     <T as Fn<&'x u32>>
    ///
    /// find a substitution `S` for the higher-ranked regions (here,
    /// `['a => 'x]`) such that the predicate matches the trait-ref,
    /// and then return the value (here, `&'a u32`) but with the
    /// substitution applied (hence, `&'x u32`).
    ///
    /// See `higher_ranked_match` in `higher_ranked/mod.rs` for more
    /// details.
    pub fn match_poly_projection_predicate(
        &self,
        cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
        match_a: ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>,
        match_b: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
    ) -> InferResult<'tcx, HrMatchResult<Ty<'tcx>>> {
        let match_pair = match_a.map_bound(|p| (p.projection_ty.trait_ref(self.tcx), p.ty));
        let trace = TypeTrace {
            cause,
            values: TraitRefs(ExpectedFound::new(
                true,
                match_pair.skip_binder().0,
                match_b,
            )),
        };

        let mut combine = self.combine_fields(trace, param_env);
        let result = combine.higher_ranked_match(&match_pair, &match_b, true)?;
        Ok(InferOk {
            value: result,
            obligations: combine.obligations,
        })
    }

    /// See `verify_generic_bound` method in `region_constraints`
    pub fn verify_generic_bound(
        &self,
        origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
        kind: GenericKind<'tcx>,
        a: ty::Region<'tcx>,
        bound: VerifyBound<'tcx>,
    ) {
        debug!("verify_generic_bound({:?}, {:?} <: {:?})", kind, a, bound);

        self.borrow_region_constraints()
            .verify_generic_bound(origin, kind, a, bound);
    }

    pub fn type_moves_by_default(
        &self,
        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        span: Span,
    ) -> bool {
        let ty = self.resolve_type_vars_if_possible(&ty);
        // Even if the type may have no inference variables, during
        // type-checking closure types are in local tables only.
        if !self.in_progress_tables.is_some() || !ty.has_closure_types() {
            if let Some((param_env, ty)) = self.tcx.lift_to_global(&(param_env, ty)) {
                return ty.moves_by_default(self.tcx.global_tcx(), param_env, span);
            }
        }

        let copy_def_id = self.tcx.require_lang_item(lang_items::CopyTraitLangItem);

        // this can get called from typeck (by euv), and moves_by_default
        // rightly refuses to work with inference variables, but
        // moves_by_default has a cache, which we want to use in other
        // cases.
        !traits::type_known_to_meet_bound(self, param_env, ty, copy_def_id, span)
    }

    /// Obtains the latest type of the given closure; this may be a
    /// closure in the current function, in which case its
    /// `ClosureKind` may not yet be known.
    pub fn closure_kind(
        &self,
        closure_def_id: DefId,
        closure_substs: ty::ClosureSubsts<'tcx>,
    ) -> Option<ty::ClosureKind> {
        let closure_kind_ty = closure_substs.closure_kind_ty(closure_def_id, self.tcx);
        let closure_kind_ty = self.shallow_resolve(&closure_kind_ty);
        closure_kind_ty.to_opt_closure_kind()
    }

    /// Obtain the signature of a closure.  For closures, unlike
    /// `tcx.fn_sig(def_id)`, this method will work during the
    /// type-checking of the enclosing function and return the closure
    /// signature in its partially inferred state.
    pub fn closure_sig(
        &self,
        def_id: DefId,
        substs: ty::ClosureSubsts<'tcx>,
    ) -> ty::PolyFnSig<'tcx> {
        let closure_sig_ty = substs.closure_sig_ty(def_id, self.tcx);
        let closure_sig_ty = self.shallow_resolve(&closure_sig_ty);
        closure_sig_ty.fn_sig(self.tcx)
    }

    /// Normalizes associated types in `value`, potentially returning
    /// new obligations that must further be processed.
    pub fn partially_normalize_associated_types_in<T>(
        &self,
        span: Span,
        body_id: ast::NodeId,
        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
        value: &T,
    ) -> InferOk<'tcx, T>
    where
        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
    {
        debug!("partially_normalize_associated_types_in(value={:?})", value);
        let mut selcx = traits::SelectionContext::new(self);
        let cause = ObligationCause::misc(span, body_id);
        let traits::Normalized { value, obligations } =
            traits::normalize(&mut selcx, param_env, cause, value);
        debug!(
            "partially_normalize_associated_types_in: result={:?} predicates={:?}",
            value, obligations
        );
        InferOk { value, obligations }
    }

    pub fn borrow_region_constraints(&self) -> RefMut<'_, RegionConstraintCollector<'tcx>> {
        RefMut::map(self.region_constraints.borrow_mut(), |c| {
            c.as_mut().expect("region constraints already solved")
        })
    }

    /// Clears the selection, evaluation, and projection cachesThis is useful when
    /// repeatedly attemping to select an Obligation while changing only
    /// its ParamEnv, since FulfillmentContext doesn't use 'probe'
    pub fn clear_caches(&self) {
        self.selection_cache.clear();
        self.evaluation_cache.clear();
        self.projection_cache.borrow_mut().clear();
    }

    fn universe(&self) -> ty::UniverseIndex {
        self.universe.get()
    }

    /// Create and return a new subunivese of the current universe;
    /// update `self.universe` to that new subuniverse. At present,
    /// used only in the NLL subtyping code, which uses the new
    /// universe-based scheme instead of the more limited leak-check
    /// scheme.
    pub fn create_subuniverse(&self) -> ty::UniverseIndex {
        let u = self.universe.get().subuniverse();
        self.universe.set(u);
        u
    }
}

impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeTrace<'tcx> {
    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.cause.span
    }

    pub fn types(
        cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
        a_is_expected: bool,
        a: Ty<'tcx>,
        b: Ty<'tcx>,
    ) -> TypeTrace<'tcx> {
        TypeTrace {
            cause: cause.clone(),
            values: Types(ExpectedFound::new(a_is_expected, a, b)),
        }
    }

    pub fn dummy(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>) -> TypeTrace<'tcx> {
        TypeTrace {
            cause: ObligationCause::dummy(),
            values: Types(ExpectedFound {
                expected: tcx.types.err,
                found: tcx.types.err,
            }),
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for TypeTrace<'tcx> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "TypeTrace({:?})", self.cause)
    }
}

impl<'tcx> SubregionOrigin<'tcx> {
    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match *self {
            Subtype(ref a) => a.span(),
            InfStackClosure(a) => a,
            InvokeClosure(a) => a,
            DerefPointer(a) => a,
            FreeVariable(a, _) => a,
            IndexSlice(a) => a,
            RelateObjectBound(a) => a,
            RelateParamBound(a, _) => a,
            RelateRegionParamBound(a) => a,
            RelateDefaultParamBound(a, _) => a,
            Reborrow(a) => a,
            ReborrowUpvar(a, _) => a,
            DataBorrowed(_, a) => a,
            ReferenceOutlivesReferent(_, a) => a,
            ParameterInScope(_, a) => a,
            ExprTypeIsNotInScope(_, a) => a,
            BindingTypeIsNotValidAtDecl(a) => a,
            CallRcvr(a) => a,
            CallArg(a) => a,
            CallReturn(a) => a,
            Operand(a) => a,
            AddrOf(a) => a,
            AutoBorrow(a) => a,
            SafeDestructor(a) => a,
            CompareImplMethodObligation { span, .. } => span,
        }
    }

    pub fn from_obligation_cause<F>(cause: &traits::ObligationCause<'tcx>, default: F) -> Self
    where
        F: FnOnce() -> Self,
    {
        match cause.code {
            traits::ObligationCauseCode::ReferenceOutlivesReferent(ref_type) => {
                SubregionOrigin::ReferenceOutlivesReferent(ref_type, cause.span)
            }

            traits::ObligationCauseCode::CompareImplMethodObligation {
                item_name,
                impl_item_def_id,
                trait_item_def_id,
            } => SubregionOrigin::CompareImplMethodObligation {
                span: cause.span,
                item_name,
                impl_item_def_id,
                trait_item_def_id,
            },

            _ => default(),
        }
    }
}

impl RegionVariableOrigin {
    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match *self {
            MiscVariable(a) => a,
            PatternRegion(a) => a,
            AddrOfRegion(a) => a,
            Autoref(a) => a,
            Coercion(a) => a,
            EarlyBoundRegion(a, ..) => a,
            LateBoundRegion(a, ..) => a,
            BoundRegionInCoherence(_) => syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
            UpvarRegion(_, a) => a,
            NLL(..) => bug!("NLL variable used with `span`"),
        }
    }
}

EnumTypeFoldableImpl! {
    impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ValuePairs<'tcx> {
        (ValuePairs::Types)(a),
        (ValuePairs::Regions)(a),
        (ValuePairs::TraitRefs)(a),
        (ValuePairs::PolyTraitRefs)(a),
    }
}

impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for RegionObligation<'tcx> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
            "RegionObligation(sub_region={:?}, sup_type={:?})",
            self.sub_region, self.sup_type
        )
    }
}